Indianization is fostered by increasing contact with the subcontinent through the travels of merchants, diplomats, and learned Brahmans (Hindus of the highest caste traditionally assigned to the priesthood).

Indian immigrants, believed to have arrived in the fourth and the fifth centuries, accelerate the process.

By the fifth century, the elite culture is thoroughly Indianized.

Court ceremony and the structure of political institutions are based on Indian models.

The Sanskrit language is widely used; the laws of Manu, the Indian legal code, are adopted; and an alphabet based on Indian writing systems is introduced.