The first developed societies in the region of Nubia, located in what is today northern Sudan, had arisen before the time of the First dynasty of Egypt (3100-2890 BCE).

Egyptians had begun moving south around 2500 BCE, and it is through them that most of our knowledge of Kush (Cush) comes.

Kushitic civilization, centered along the upper Nile in Nubia (in present Sudan), reaches its peak between 1750 and 1500.

Kerma, the capital city of the Kingdom of Kerma, in present day Egypt and Sudan, an archaeological site as old as five thousand years, becomes a real Nubian state during the second millennium BCE.

Kerma has a distinctly Nubian civilization with fine and original ceramics.

The level of affluence at the site demonstrates the power of the Kingdom of Kerma, especially during the Second Intermediate Period when the Nubians threaten the southern borders of Egypt.