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The Etruscans had been the Cumaeans' special enemy in Italy during the last half of the sixth century and first half of the fifth.

However, the Samnites, having destroyed Etruscan supremacy about 440, in 428 or 421 overwhelm the Greeks of Cumae.

Crucial aspects of the Greek culture are now eliminated, although in many respects the Greek character of the town survives.

The beautiful coins of Cumae will no longer be produced, and an Italic dialect, Oscan, replaces the Greek language.