Ivan IV had become grand prince of Muscovy in 1533 at the age of three.

Various factions of the boyars compete for control of the regency until Ivan assumes the throne in 1547.

Reflecting Muscovy's new imperial claims, Ivan's coronation as tsar is an elaborate ritual modeled after those of the emperors in Constantinople.

With the continuing assistance of a group of boyars, Ivan begins his reign with a series of useful reforms.

In the 1550s, he promulgates a new law code, revamps the military, and reorganizes local government.

These reforms undoubtedly are intended to strengthen the state in the face of continuous warfare.