The latent hostility between Lathyros and his mother finally erupts in October 110, when Cleopatra expels him from Egypt and recalls his brother Alexander from Cyprus to serve as coregent.

…Shechem, significantly increasing his regional influence.

Hyrcanus annexes the regions of present Transjordan, Samaria, Galilee, and Idumea (also known as Edom), and, in the first example of conversion imposed by the Jews in their history, forces Idumeans to convert to Judaism.

According to Josephus, "Hyrcanus...subdued all the Idumeans; and permitted them to stay in that country, if they would circumcise their genitals, and make use of the laws of the Jews; and they were so desirous of living in the country of their forefathers, that they submitted to the use of circumcision, and of the rest of the Jewish ways of living; at which time therefore this befell them, that they were hereafter no other than Jews.”

In internal policy, however, Hyrcanus commits the grave error of quarreling with one of the two main Jewish ecclesiastical parties, the Pharisees—who follow the Law with great strictness and with whom the Maccabean movement has in origin close affinity—and siding with their opponents, the more liberal Sadducees.

The Pharisees, who had emerged as a clearly defined party during the revolt of the Maccabees, oppose Hyrcanus because of his assumption of both the royal and high-priestly titles and because of the general secularism of the court.

Unlike the priestly and aristocratic Sadducees, the Pharisees believe in resurrection and the immortality of the soul.

The Sadducees, who oppose the use of Oral Law by the Pharisees, hold only to the Pentateuch, and are affronted by the growth of Greek, or pagan, influence that had developed over the past eighty years in the Jewish kingdom.

The Getae had joined with the Celts in invading Roman possessions in the western Balkans from 112 BCE.

Marcus Livius Drusus, consul in that year, fights successfully in Macedonia in 110, defeating the Scordisci, even pushing them out of Thrace across the Danube.

Lathyros, following a reconciliation between mother and son, returns in early 109 to Egypt, while ...

...Ptolemy Alexander departs for Cyprus as king of the island.

The Cimbri and Their Allies in Gaul: Victory Over the Romans in Gallia Narbonensis (109 BCE)

After their victory over the Romans at Noreia (113 BCE), the Cimbri and their allied tribes, including the Teutons and Ambrones, turned westward, moving into Gallia Narbonensis (modern southern France). Their migratory push into Roman-controlled territory led to another clash with the Roman Republic.

The Battle Against Marcus Junius Silanus (109 BCE)

• In 109 BCE, the Cimbri encountered a Roman force under Consul Marcus Junius Silanus, who had been sent to halt their advance in Gallia Narbonensis.
• The Roman army suffered a decisive defeat, further shaking Roman confidence and exposing the vulnerability of the Republic’s northern frontiers.
• This second major victory for the Cimbri over Rome fueled their reputation as a formidable migratory force, intensifying fears of a barbarian invasion.

Aftermath and Strategic Impact

• Following their victory, the Cimbri did not immediately march on Italy, but instead continued their movement through Gaul, raiding settlements and searching for a permanent homeland.
• Their success against Rome at Noreia (113 BCE) and Gallia Narbonensis (109 BCE) demonstrated their superior mobility, battlefield tactics, and ability to challenge Roman legions.
• The defeats led to Roman military reforms and the eventual rise of Gaius Marius, who would later face the Cimbri and Teutonic threat in a decisive series of battles.

This phase of the Cimbrian migration marked a critical turning point in Roman history, setting the stage for one of the Republic’s greatest military crises and the military-political transformations that followed.

Jugurtha in late 110 or early 109 BCE defeats a Roman army led by the praetor Aulus Postumius Albinus Magnus, brother of the consul of this year, apparently by using bribery, treachery, and trickery.

He now demands to be recognized as the rightful ruler of Numidia.

The Senate refuses.

Chinese colonial forces conquer the early Korean state (now known as Old Chosen) in 108, reducing Korea to vassal status.

Lo-lang (near modern Pyongyang, North Korea) becomes a provincial outpost of the Han dynasty.

The Chinese introduction of bronze tools and establishment of military colonies in Korea leads to rapid sinicization and dramatic advances in agriculture.

Lathyros is evicted anew, however, by his mother in March of 108.

Fleeing a third time after yet another reconciliation in May, Lathyros establishes himself in Cyprus.

The consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus is sent to North Africa to defeat Jugurtha.

Metellus is honest and able as a commander but is buying time in order to maximize his glory when he does actually defeat Jugurtha.

His successful war plan is to destroy Jugurtha's supply lines and this forces Jugurtha to guerilla tactics.