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Location: Gisors Haute-Normandie France

The Spanish find neither spices nor exploitable …

Years: 1540 - 1683
The Spanish find neither spices nor exploitable precious metals in the Philippines.

The ecology of the islands is little changed by Spanish importations and technical innovations, with the exception of corn cultivation and some extension of irrigation in order to increase rice supplies for the growing urban population.

The colony is not profitable, and a long war with the Dutch in the seventeenth century and intermittent conflict with the Moros nearly bankrupts the colonial treasury.

Annual deficits are made up by a subsidy from Mexico.