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People: John II, Count of Holland

The Ottoman Empire begins to show signs …

Years: 1684 - 1827

The Ottoman Empire begins to show signs of decline in the eighteenth century.

European powers begin by the nineteenth century to take advantage of Ottoman weakness through both military and political penetration, including Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, subsequent British intervention, and French occupation of Lebanon.

Economic development of Syria through the use of European capital—for example, railroads built largely with French money—brings further incursions.