the leniency shown by Mithridates toward the Greeks changes to severity as the war in Greece turns against him.

He now resorts to every kind of intimidation—deportations, murders, freeing of slaves—but this reign of terror cannot prevent the cities from deserting to the victorious side.

The Seleucid ruler Antiochus XII Dionysus had initially gained support from Ptolemaic forces.

The last Seleucid ruler of any military reputation, even if it is on a local scale, he has made several raids into the territories of the Jewish Hasmonean kings, and has tried to check the rise of the Nabataean Arabs.

A battle against the latter turns out to be initially successful, until the young king is caught in a melee and killed by an Arab soldier.

Upon his death the Syrian army flees and mostly perishes in the desert.

Obodas is killed also; he is worshiped as a deity after his death.

He is buried in the Negev, at a seasonal camping ground for Nabataean caravans traveling along the early Petra-Gaza road (Darb es-Sultan) in the third-to-late second century BCE.

The place is renamed in the slain king’s honor, Avdat, where a temple platform (the acropolis) is soon created along the western edge of the plateau; it is to become the most important historic city on the Incense Route after Petra.

Obodas is succeeded by his brother Aretas III.

Sulla, informed by his spies that Aristion is neglecting the Heptachalcum (part of the city wall), immediately sends sappers to undermine the wall.

Nine hundred feet of wall is brought down between the Sacred and Piraeic gates on the southwest side of the city.

A midnight sack of Athens begins, and Sulla, after the taunts of Aristion, is not in a mood to be magnanimous.

Blood is said to have literally flowed in the streets; it is only after the entreaties of a couple of his Greek friends (Midias and Calliphon) and the pleas of the Roman Senators in his camp that Sulla decides enough is enough.

The capture is accompanied by great slaughter and much destruction of private houses, but the only public building to be destroyed is the Odeum of Pericles, burned by the defenders lest the enemy use its timbers.

The Pontic commander Archelaus in 86 BCE lands in Boeotia and is met by Sulla near Chaeronea.

Appian tells us Archelaus had Thracian, Pontic, Scythian, Cappadocian, Bithynian, Galatian, and Phrygian troops, numbering near one hundred and twenty thousand.

Each nationality is commanded by their own general, all of whom answer to Archelaus as commander-in-chief.

Sulla's forces consists of several legions of Roman troops, as well as Greeks who have defected to the Roman side.

They number about forty thousand.

Archelaus is defeated by Sulla in the ensuing battle.

The Mithridatic forces fleeing back towards their cam, completely disordered by the uneven terrain of their path of retreat are easily slain.

Appian claims that Archelaus blocked his soldiers' entry into the camp and forced them to turn and face the Romans.

They did so, but could not withstand the Roman impetus.

Appian and Plutarch claim that only ten thousand of the enemy forces survived and escaped to the nearby town.

They add that fourteen Romans were not accounted for at the end of the battle, two of which returned at nightfall, making the Roman casualty count an unbelievable twelve soldiers.

While these figures are obviously inaccurate, as the close range nature of fighting between the infantry forces must have caused heavier Roman losses, the Pontic forces undoubtedly suffered disproportionately heavier casualties.

Sulla sets out for Thessaly after his victory over Archelaus at Chaeronea to meet the consul Flaccus coming from Italy (although Sulla is unaware he had been sent to attack him, not to join with him).

On the way, he hears reports that Dorylaeus has landed at Chalcis with a sizable fleet transporting eighty thousand of Mithridates' best troops to reinforce Archelaus.

Dorylaeus wants to tempt Sulla to fight as soon as possible, and Sulla cooperates by abruptly turning around to meet this new threat.

After a skirmish with Sulla's troops, Dorylaeus begins to rethink the idea of giving battle and instead promotes a strategy to wear the enemy down.

On the other hand, Archelaus' confidence is raised by the flat terrain around their camp at Orchomenos, which favors their superior cavalry.

Marius and Cinna are elected consuls for the year 86 BCE.

Marius dies a fortnight after, and Cinna is left in sole control of Rome.

Galatia, having passed successively under the rule of Pergamon and Pontus, becomes in 85 a Roman protectorate ruled by puppet kings.

Mithridates IV has treated Alexander II well and even educated him, but the Ptolemid prince, now thirty, flees to Sulla during a battle between the Romans and Mithridates in 85 BCE, when the war is clearly lost.

Mithridates makes peace with Sulla in the Treaty of Dardanus, abandoning his conquests, surrendering his fleet, and paying a heavy fine in exchange for retaining his kingship.

Order is restored in Asia and Greece, and Mithridates again becomes a vassal of the Romans.

Thebes in Upper Egypt in 85 after three years of hard fighting finally capitulates and is sacked in retribution by government forces.

Archelaus had let his men relax after taking their positions, while Sulla had set his men to work building trenches that he hopes will cut Archelaus' cavalry off from the plains and move the fighting to more boggy areas.

Archelaus, recognizing Sulla's strategy, launches several attacks on the workers and the soldiers sent to protect them.

In one of these, Archelaus' stepson Diogenese distinguishes himself in a valiant attack where he dies gloriously.

In Archelaus' final attack, Sulla routs his troops and carries his camp.

Plutarch says that so many men died that the marshes ran with blood, and almost two hundred years later weapons will still be found sticking out of the marshes.

After the battle, Sulla destroys three Boeotian towns: Anthedon, Darymna, and Halae.

Later, upon meeting fisherman from Halae who gift him fish, Sulla tells them he is surprised there are any of them left, but lets them go and tells them not to worry.

As a result of this incident, the people of Halae are inspired to repopulate their town.

While Sulla is away fighting Mithridates, Rome is suffering from civil disorder at the hands of the two consuls of 85 BCE, Cinna and Carbo, prompting eminent members of society to flee to Sulla's camp, including his wife Metella and their children.

Sulla tries to use his victory at the Battle of Orchomenos to bring about peace with Mithridates so that he can return home, and though Sulla's peace terms are not immediately accepted, Archelaus eventually manages to broker a peace between Sulla and Mithridates.