New Zealand’s pro-imperialist prime minister Massey immediately sends an expeditionary force to Europe to aid the Allied armies.

The Australasians will serve in the Great War as the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) troops, participating in some of the bloodiest battles of a thoroughly bloody war and suffering a disproportionately high casualty rate.

Maori and Pakeha (European New Zealanders) fight alongside the British.

Labour Prime Minister William Morris “Billy” Hughes pledges Australia’s full support to Britain at the outbreak of the Great War, but is unable to win referendum approval of conscription.

Approximately 330,000 volunteers respond to the Allied call for troops.

Australian nurse Elizabeth Kenny, working in the isolated bush from 1911 to 1914 with paralyzed victims of poliomyelitis, develops a successful method of treatment based on the stimulation and reeducation of paralyzed muscles.

As conventional medical wisdom prescribes immobilization in casts and splints, doctors initially oppose her program.

English-born Australian geologist and explorer Douglas Mawson, who accompanied Sir Ernest Shackleton’s 1907—09 Antarctic expedition, heads the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911—14.

The expedition charts previously unexplored coastal regions and mounts many inland sled excursions.

Mawson is knighted following his return.

There are 663 licensed opium dens in Shanghai in 1914.

Arab intellectuals in Beirut and ...

...Damascus form clandestine political societies in response to Turkish nationalism, such as the Ottoman Decentralization Party, based in Cairo; Al Fatat (The Young Arabs), formed by students in 1911; and Al Ahd (The Covenant Society), formed primarily by army officers in 1914.

The Arab nationalism espoused by these groups lacks support, however, among the Arab masses.

.

.

.

and Romania.

However, Romania's abolition in this year of the Jewish Oath, which dates from Byzantine times, ends the last vestige in Europe of this particular form of anti-Jewish discrimination.

.

.

.

Russia, .

.

.

Between 1881 and 1914, an estimated 2.5 million Jews have left the Russian empire, …