The formative years of Gaius Julius Casear had been a time of turmoil, though little is recorded of his childhood.

Caesar's father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, governor of the province of Asia, had died suddenly in 85 BCE, leaving young Caesar head of the family at sixteen.

He had been nominated in the following year to be the new high priest of Jupiter, a position that not only requires the holder to be a patrician but also be married to a patrician. For this reason Caesar had broken off his engagement to a plebeian girl he had been betrothed to since boyhood and married Cornelia, the daughter of Lucius Cinna.

Casear as Cinna's son-in-law had in 81 BCE been one of the targets of Sulla’s purges and fled Rome.

Stripped of his inheritance, his wife's dowry and his priesthood, he had refused to divorce Cornelia and was forced to go into hiding.

Escaping harm through the intervention of such people as his mother's relative, Gaius Aurelius Cotta, and the Vestal Virgins, Caesar had left Rome and joined the army, where he had won the Civic Crown for his part in an important siege, that of Mytilene.

On a mission to Bithynia to secure the assistance of King Nicomedes's fleet, he had spent so long at his court that rumors had arisen of an affair with the king, which Caesar will vehemently deny for the rest of his life.

Ironically, the loss of his priesthood had allowed him to pursue a military career, as the high priest of Jupiter is not permitted to touch a horse, sleep three nights outside his own bed or one night outside Rome, or look upon an army.

Many of Caesar’s relatives are Sulla's supporters, but Sulla notes in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition.

The historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying "In this Caesar there are many Mariuses."

Caesar, hearing of Sulla's death in 78 BCE, feels safe enough to return to Rome.

The weakening of Rhodes in the Mithridatic Wars has resulted in rampant piracy in the eastern Mediterranean, one of the symptoms of the anarchy into which the Roman nobility have allowed the Mediterranean world to fall.

Cesar, captured by pirates on the way across the Aegean Sea and held prisoner, maintains an attitude of superiority throughout his captivity.

When the pirates think to demand a ransom of twenty talents of silver, he insists they ask for fifty.

After the ransom is paid, Caesar raises a fleet, pursues and captures the pirates, and imprisons them.

He has them crucified on his own authority, as he had promised while in captivity—a promise the pirates had taken as a joke.

As a sign of leniency, he had first had their throats cut.

Sulla had succeeded in restoring the rule of the oligarchs, but he had failed to remedy the socioeconomic conditions that had undermined their rule in the first place.

After his second consulship, Sulla had withdrawn to his country villa near Puteoli to be with family.

From this distance, he remains out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies are involved.

His goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finishes in 78 BCE, just before his death.

They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers.

Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (its symptoms a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth followed by a fever from which he never recovered) caused by chronic alcohol abuse.

His funeral in Rome (at Roman Forum, in the presence of the whole city) is on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in CE 14.

His epitaph reads "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full".

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus had gained wealth and power by politically allying himself with Sulla, but once the dictator had resigned in 79 BCE, Lepidus attempts to undermine the Sullan constitution.

Elected consul for the year 78 BCE with the support of Pompey, he tries to stop Sulla from being buried in the Campus Martius.

However, Pompey turns against his candidate and uses his influence to ensure that the full funeral and burial goes ahead.

Lepidus passes several resolutions during his term that firmly place him in the camp of the populares.

His offer to restore to the Italians land that had been taken by Sulla puts him at odds with his fellow consul, Quintus Lutatius Catulus.

The two factions come so close to war that the senate makes them swear not to fight, and sends Lepidus to administer the province of Transalpine Gaul.

The Latin name Cyrenaica, centered upon the North African city of Cyrene, dates to the first century BCE.

Although some confusion exists as to the exact territory Rome inherited, by 78 BCE it is organized as one administrative province together with Crete.

Tigranes of Armenia reoccupies Cappadocia in 78 BCE-77 BCE.

Lepidus’ fellow rebel, Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder, the father of Caesar's famous murderer of the same name, and the founder of the colony in Capua, remains at Mutina, in Gaul.

Pompey marches to destroy him, but Brutus, for reasons unknown, surrenders before a battle has to be fought, putting himself and his troops in the power of Pompey, on the understanding that their lives should be spared.

Brutus is soon killed by one of Pompey's men, named Geminius.

Pompey, who had ordered Brutus’ death, forwards to Rome the news of his surrender and execution.

The senate blames Pompey for the perfidious act.

The terms of the oath Lepidus had sworn to be one of the two consuls for 78 did not prevent him from returning the next year with an army, so he had agreed to it.

Before he left, he had offered those Sulla had sent into exile a chance to return, a move which had alarmed the Senate, who correctly judged that he was attempting to gather his allies around him to start a civil war.

Lepidus is recalled from his province, but brings his army with him back to Rome, where he is defeated by Catulus in a pitched battle on the Campus Martius.

Forced into exile in Sardinia, he dies soon afterwards.

Sertorius is joined in 77 BCE—at the insistence of the forces that he had brought with him—by Marcus Perpenna Vento from Rome, with a following of Roman nobles and a sizable Roman army (fifty-three cohorts).

Perpenna belonged to the populares faction, led by Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna.

After Lucius Cornelius Sulla defeated the populares faction in Italy and became Dictator of Rome, Perpenna had fled with a substantial sum of money and an army to Hispania, where he is determined to wage war against Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius on his own, despite the fact that Sertorius is already present in the province and is more or less ruling it.

Also this year, Pompey, who had intrigued for and won the assignment to join Metellus Pius against Quintus Sertorius' rebellion in Hispania, arrives to help finish off Sertorius.

Perpenna's soldiers are dissatisfied with his leadership, and when they learn that Pompey is crossing the Pyrenees, they demand that Perpenna take them to Sertorius, or they will abandon him to Pompey's mercies while they take themselves to Sertorius.

Perpenna yields to the demands of the legions, and hands them over to Sertorius.

This is not done with good will, and Perpenna, conscious of his noble bloodline and wealth, views the entire affair as a humiliation.

Alexander Jannaeus, on his deathbed, calls in 76 BCE for a reconciliation between the Sadducees, who he has always supported, and the rival Pharisees.

His son Hyrcanus II is appointed high priest; Alexander's widow, Salome Alexandra, reverses anti-Pharisaic policy and is guided by powerful religious advisers, members of the Pharisaic movement.

Egypt's independence during the last century of Ptolemaic rule has been exercised under Rome's protection and at Rome's discretion.

Rome for much of the period has been content to support a dynasty that has had no overseas possession except Cyprus after 96 BCE (the year in which Cyrene had been bequeathed to Rome by Ptolemy Apion) and no ambitions threatening Roman interests or security.

Ptolemy XII, whose quasi-legitimate and perhaps questionable royal status compels him to depend heavily upon Rome for support for his throne, is in 76 crowned in Alexandria according to Egyptian rites.