Emperor Wen has stabilized the unified Chinese Empire; the agricultural acreage increases greatly and shipbuilding technology reaches a new high level.

King Khosrau II, following the murder of his ally, the Emperor, launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his "friend and father,” and tries to reconquer imperial territory.

Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians.

Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates.

Agilulf captures Mantua, and divides its territory between the Lombard duchies of Brescia and Bergamo.

Agilulf besieges Cremona and with the assistance of the Slavs the city is destroyed.

The papacy becomes the supreme authority of the Western Church under Pope Gregory I.

At the beginning of his pontificate, Gregory establishes the doctrine religio illigitimo, the policy by which Jews are converted through restriction of Jewish religious activity and political and economic inducements are proffered to converts.

Jews are to be protected from violence and forced baptism, but are forbidden to attain equal status to Christians.

One of the great successes of Gregory’s pontificate is the conversion of southern England to Christianity by Augustine of Canterbury.

The year 603 is the last mention of the Senate at Rome, which votes to acclaim new statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.

Theodelinda influences her husband to abandon Arianism for Catholicism, and Agilulf is with his son Adaloald baptized in the Cathedral of Monza.

Æthelfrith of Northumbria had in 592 succeeded Hussa as king of Bernicia.

His accession possibly involves dynastic rivalry and the exile of Hussa's relatives.

Æthelfrith protects his borders in 603 by fighting and defeating the Scots king of Dalriada (Argyll) and the Britons of Strathclyde at Degasaston (Dawson Rig, Liddesdale?).

With Æthelfrith’s defeat of the Scots and Britons at Degsastan in 603, Angles now dominate central Britain from east to west below the Firth of Forth.

Emperor Yang of Sui launches his first of three campaigns against Goguryeo in 613.

Yang Xuangan, an official of China’s Sui Dynasty, mindful that Emperor Yang is apprehensive of his father, the powerful official Yang Su, rebels near the eastern capital, Luoyang, but is soon defeated.

He orders his brother Yang Jishan to kill him, so as to not fall into Emperor Yang's hands.

East Central Europe (604–615 CE): Increasing Avar Power, Strengthening of Bohemia and Moravia, and Expanding Slavic Influence

Between 604 and 615 CE, East Central Europe—encompassing Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, and those portions of Germany and Austria lying east of 10°E and north of a line stretching from roughly 48.2°N at 10°E southeastward to the Austro-Slovenian border near 46.7°N, 15.4°E—continued to witness significant geopolitical shifts. The Avar Khaganate further solidified its dominant position, intensifying both military campaigns and diplomatic maneuvers, particularly towards the Byzantine frontier and the developing West Slavic entities. Meanwhile, early state structures in Bohemia and Moravia became increasingly organized and culturally distinct, firmly establishing these territories as pivotal regional entities. Bavarian diplomatic and trade interactions continued to provide critical connections between Frankish, Slavic, and Avar spheres, reinforcing the region's economic importance.

Political and Military Developments

Intensified Avar Military Pressure

• Under strong central leadership, the Avar Khaganate increased military and diplomatic activities, conducting frequent raids and exerting pressure over surrounding regions, including Moravian, Bohemian, and Bavarian territories.

• Avar military actions, particularly toward Byzantine territories in the Balkans, indirectly influenced regional stability in East Central Europe, prompting defensive coalitions and stronger political consolidation among neighboring entities.

Consolidation of Bohemian and Moravian Leadership

• Both Bohemia and Moravia solidified tribal leadership and political hierarchies, organizing increasingly effective defenses and governance structures to counter the threat posed by Avar incursions.

• Early political entities began clearly emerging, laying firm foundations for future medieval duchies, characterized by centralized leadership, fortified settlements, and regional alliances.

Bavarian Diplomatic and Economic Influence

• Bavaria (Baiuvarii) continued to mediate diplomatically and economically between the Frankish West, Avar East, and emerging Slavic powers. This pivotal role bolstered Bavarian economic strength and diplomatic prominence.

Economic and Technological Developments

Growth of Regional Trade

• Trade networks through Bavaria, Bohemia, and Moravia flourished, connecting Avar-controlled territories, Byzantine markets, and Frankish lands. Trade goods included agricultural products, ironwork, luxury items, textiles, and regional craft products.

Development of Defensive Infrastructure

• Under increased Avar pressure, Bohemian and Moravian communities significantly strengthened fortifications, hillforts, and defensive settlements, reflecting growing political organization, technological capability, and centralized leadership.

Cultural and Artistic Developments

Further Cultural Differentiation in Bohemia and Moravia

• Distinct West Slavic cultural identities continued to solidify, clearly expressed in pottery, jewelry styles, burial rituals, and settlement architecture, distinguishing Bohemian and Moravian traditions from those of neighboring Slavic groups.

Avar Artistic and Cultural Influence

• The Avar Khaganate further disseminated Central Asian artistic styles throughout East Central Europe, notably influencing regional metalworking, jewelry, weaponry, and ceramics, leaving a lasting cultural imprint.

Settlement and Urban Development

Fortified Bohemian and Moravian Centers

• Bohemia and Moravia experienced substantial growth in fortified settlements, reflecting increased political centralization and social organization essential for early medieval state formation.

Continuity of Avar-Controlled Settlements

• Avar-controlled urban centers—such as Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), Vindobona, and Aquincum—remained essential administrative, military, and commercial hubs, benefiting from stable governance and extensive trade connections.

Social and Religious Developments

Emergence of Stable Hierarchies in Bohemia and Moravia

• Early Bohemian and Moravian societies developed stable hierarchical structures centered around tribal chieftains and warrior elites, laying crucial foundations for future political organization and social cohesion.

Avar Socio-Political Stability

• The Avar social structure, emphasizing centralized authority and military hierarchy, provided ongoing regional stability, strengthening their dominance across extensive territories.

Long-Term Consequences and Historical Significance

The era 604–615 CE marked another critical juncture for East Central Europe, defined by increased Avar dominance, the continued consolidation of Bohemian and Moravian leadership, and growing Bavarian diplomatic and economic influence. These developments significantly shaped the region's geopolitical framework, laying lasting foundations for medieval states and defining cultural identities. The patterns established during this period influenced future interactions among Avars, Bavarians, and emerging Slavic powers, deeply affecting East Central Europe's historical trajectory.