Pope Innocent II convokes the Second Lateran Council in 1139 to reaffirm the unity of the church after the eight-year schism.

The Council prescribes imprisonment and confiscation of property as punishment for heresy and threatens to excommunicate princes who fail to punish heretics.

The Council ends the schism, though opinion remains divided.

Though the Pierleoni family will mostly submit to Innocent and his successors, Anacletus' brother Giordano, who is at this time leader of the Commune of Rome, will actively oppose Innocent's successors in the following decade.

Arnold of Brescia, a Paris-educated Italian reformer and Augustinian monk, has attacked the worldliness of the church by advocating radical church reforms, including a life of poverty for the clergy and the abandonment of wealth and temporal power by the church; he rejects the idea of confession of sins to a priest.

Following the Council’s condemnation of Arnold’s views, Innocent orders him exiled and his books burned.

Managing to evade imprisonment, Arnold will teach for a short time in Paris until expelled by the royal authorities, then travel in Switzerland and Bohemia.