Many Spartan allies have joined the Athenian side because of Pausanias’ arrogance and highhandedness.

Cimon of Athens, having increased his power at the expense of Themistocles, sails on to Byzantium and expels Pausanias, together with Spartan garrisons around the Bosporus.

The Spartans, hearing that Pausanias is intriguing with the Persians, recall him once again.

Heraclitus, a native of Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor, is known for his doctrine of change being central to the universe, and that the Logos is the fundamental order of all.

Heraclitus' life as a philosopher is interrupted by dropsy.

The physicians he consults are unable to prescribe a cure.

He treats himself with a liniment of cow manure and baking in the sun, believing that this method will remove the fluid.

He dies after a day of treatment and is interred in the marketplace.

His writings only survive in fragments quoted by other authors.

Cimon next subdues the island of Scyros, expelling the “Dolopians” (i.e., the indigenous inhabitants) allegedly because they are pirates, and replacing them with Athenian settlers.

Discovering the supposed remains of Theseus, the ancient king of Athens, who is said to have been buried there, he transports back to Athens in triumph.

Aeschylus, having accepted an invitation from Hiero to visit Syracuse, the major Greek city on the eastern side of the island, presents The Women of Aetna in 475 to celebrate the establishment of the new city.

An extremely violent eruption of Mount Etna occurs in this year.

Doriscus, attacked unsuccessfully, remains the only Persian garrison left in Europe after Cimon drives the Persians from most of their strongholds on the Thracian coast.

The outstanding life-size “Charioteer of Delphi,” also known as Heniokhos (the rein-holder), is one of the largest Greek bronze works of the age.

The life-size statue of a chariot driver, found in 1896 at the Sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi, and now in the Delphi Archaeological Museum, is erected at Delphi soon after 474 BCE, to commemorate the victory of a chariot team in the Pythian Games, which are held at Delphi every four years in honor of Pythean Apollo.

(It was originally part of a larger group of statuary, including the chariot, four (possibly six) horses and two grooms.

Some fragments of the horses were found with the statue.

When intact, it must have been one of the most imposing works of statuary in the world.)

An inscription on the limestone base of the statue shows that it was commissioned by Polyzalus, the tyrant of Gela, a Greek colony in Sicily, as a tribute to Apollo for helping him win the chariot race.

The name of the Pan Painter, a Greek vase painter of the Attic red-figure style, is derived from his name vase, a bell krater in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, which depicts Pan pursuing a shepherd on the front, and on the back the death of Aktaion at the hands of Artemis.

A pupil of Myson, active around 480 to 450 BCE, he paints kraters, pelikes, hydriai and amphorae.

More than a hundred vases are attributed to him.

His figural scenes are characterized by freshness, skill, humor, and irony.

His figures can range from coarse to fine, revealing his connections with both Doric and Ionic art.

This places him within early Doric-Ionic Classical art.

His Pelike showing Heracles fighting Busiris, found at Thespiai (now in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens), is painted around 470.

Hiero, allied with Aristodemus, the tyrant of Cumae, leads the Greeks of Campania (now in southern Italy) to defeat their rivals, the Etruscans, in battle near Cumae in 474 in the Bay of Naples.

This victory marks the end of the Etruscan aggression against the Greeks in southern Italy and saves the Greeks of Campania from Etruscan domination.

The Syracusans dedicate a captured Etruscan bronze helmet (now in the British Museum, London), with an inscription commemorating the event, the great panhellenic sanctuary at Olympia.

After their defeat, the Etruscans lose much of their political influence in Italy.

They will soon lose control of the sea and their territories will eventually be taken over by the Romans, Samnites, and Gauls.

The Etruscans will later join the failed Athenian expedition against Syracuse in 415 BCE, which will contribute even further to their decline.

Hiero, Syracuse having defeated the Etruscans on the sea, occupies Ischia and the surrounding Parthenopean islands and leaves behind a garrison to build a fortress before the city of Ischia itself, together with two towers built to control enemy fleet movements.

The fortress will still be extant in the Middle Ages and known as Castello Aragonese, but the original garrison will flee before the eruptions of 470 BCE.

The island will be taken over by Neapolitans.

Veii, having nearly succeeded in its attack on Rome during a ten-year war between the two cities, concludes a truce with that city in 474.