Paraguay at independence is a relatively undeveloped area.

Most residents of Asuncion and virtually all rural settlers are illiterate.

Urban elites do have access to private schools and tutoring.

University education is, however, restricted to the few who can afford studies at the University of Cordoba, in present-day Argentina.

Practically no one has any experience in government, finance, or administration.

The settlers treat the natives as little better than slaves, and the paternalistic clergy treats them like children.

The country is surrounded by hostile neighbors, including the warlike Chaco tribes.

Strong measures are needed to save the country from disintegration.