Prolific New Zealand detective writer Edith Ngaio Marsh, writing as Ngaio Marsh, publishes “Night of the Vulcan” in 1951.

Prolific New Zealand detective writer Edith Ngaio Marsh, writing as Ngaio Marsh, publishes “Night of the Vulcan” in 1951.

On September 1, 1951, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States sign the Anzus Treaty, a mutual defense agreement.

Fifty nations, led by the US but excluding the Soviet bloc, conclude a 1951 peace treaty with Japan that requires Japan to abandon claims to China and renounce the use of force as a method to settle international disputes.

The treaty imposes no reparations and does not recognize the Soviet occupation of southern Sakhalin or the Kuril Islands.

North Korean brainwashing of American prisoners begins in 1951.

In anticipation of an armed struggle to achieve enosis, Grivas tours Cyprus in July 1951 to study the people and terrain (his first visit in twenty years).

He discusses his ideas with Makarios but is disappointed by the archbishop's reservations about the
effectiveness of a guerrilla uprising.

From the beginning, as will be the case throughout their relationship, Grivas resents having to share
leadership with the archbishop.

Makarios, concerned about Grivas's extremism from their very first meeting, prefers to continue diplomatic efforts, particularly efforts to get the UN involved.

Entry of both Greece and Turkey into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) makes settlement of the Cyprus issue more important to the Western powers, but no new ideas are forthcoming.

The plebiscite results and a petition for enosis are taken to the Greek Chamber of Deputies, where Prime Minister Sophocles Venizelos urges the deputies to accept the petition and incorporate
the plea for enosis into national policy.

The plebiscite data are also presented to the United Nations (UN) Secretariat in New York, with a request that the principle of self-determination be applied to Cyprus.

Makarios himself appears before the UN in February 1951 to denounce British policy, but Britain holds that the Cyprus problem is an internal issue not subject to UN consideration.

In Athens, enosis is a common topic of coffeehouse conversation, and Colonel George Grivas, a Cypriot native, is becoming known for his strong views on the subject.

Grivas, born in 1898 in the village of Trikomo about fifty kilometers northeast of Nicosia, is the son of a grain merchant.

After elementary education in the village school, he was sent to the Pancyprian Gymnasium.

Reportedly a good student, Grivas had gone to Athens at age seventeen to enter the Greek Military Academy.

As a young officer in the Greek army, he saw action in Anatolia during the Greco-Turkish War of 1920-22, in which he was wounded and cited for bravery.

Grivas's unit almost reached Ankara during the Anatolian campaign, and he was sorely disappointed as the Greek campaign turned into disaster.

However, he learned much about war, particularly guerrilla war.

When Italy invaded Greece in 1940, he was a lieutenant colonel serving as chief of staff of an infantry division.

During the Nazi occupation of Greece, Grivas led a right-wing extremist organization known by the Greek letter X (Chi), which some authors describe as a band of terrorists and others call a
resistance group.

In his memoirs, Grivas will say that it was later British propaganda that blackened the good name of X.

At any rate, Grivas had earned a reputation as a courageous military leader, even though
his group was eventually banned.

Later, after an unsuccessful try in Greek politics, he turned his attention to his original home,
Cyprus, and to enosis.

For the rest of his life, Grivas will be devoted to this cause.

Kalba is reincorporated into the sheikhdom of ash-Shariqah in 1951.

In this year, Britain establishes the Trucial Oman Scouts as a local peacekeeping force.

Britain recognizes Muscat and Oman as a fully independent state in 1951 and signs a new Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation.