The Attempted Pagan Revival in Normandy (c. 942): Clash Between New and Old Norse Settlers

By 942, a group of newly arrived Danish settlers in Normandy attempt to revive pagan practices, challenging the region’s gradual Christianization. However, this effort is largely unsuccessful, as most of the earlier Norse settlers—who arrived under Rollo in 911—have already converted to Christianity and integrated into Frankish feudal society.

Context: Christianization of Normandy

• The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) had established Rollo and his followers as vassals of the Frankish king, leading to their progressive adoption of Christianity.
• By the 930s–940s, many Norman noble families had converted, intermarried with the local Frankish elite, and adopted French language and customs.
• Normandy had become more culturally Frankish, though Viking influences persisted in law, military organization, and seafaring traditions.

The Danish Pagan Revival Attempt (942)

• New waves of Norse settlers, particularly Danes arriving around 942, attempt to reintroduce pagan traditions in Normandy.
• These settlers are likely unassimilated Viking warriors and traders, still following Odinic rituals and Norse customs.
• The majority of Norman elites, already Christianized, reject the attempt, seeing themselves as part of the Frankish Christian world rather than a pagan Scandinavian outpost.

Outcome: Christianity Prevails in Normandy

1. The Christianized Norman Nobility Reject Paganism

   • The descendants of Rollo and earlier Norse settlers had already become feudal lords aligned with Frankish Christian traditions.
   • These powerful figures oppose the pagan revival, ensuring that Christianity remains dominant in Normandy.

2. Assimilation of Later Viking Arrivals

   • The newly arrived Danes gradually assimilate rather than resist the prevailing Christian culture.
   • Many likely adopt Christianity over time, as conversion becomes necessary for land ownership, alliances, and political stability.

3. Normandy Continues to Strengthen as a Feudal Christian State

   • By the mid-10th century, Normandy is fully integrated into West Francia’s feudal system, making it one of the most stable and powerful regions in the kingdom.
   • This consolidation sets the stage for Norman expansion, culminating in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.

Conclusion: The Final End of Norse Paganism in Normandy

The failed pagan revival in 942 marks one of the last significant attempts to resist Christianization in Normandy. With the Christianized Norman elite firmly in power, the region continues its transformation into a major feudal Christian state, ensuring that pagan Norse traditions fade into history.