Jewish Life Under Muslim Rule in Spain and North Africa

Unlike the Christian East Roman (Byzantine) Empire, where Jews often faced persecution and restrictions, Muslim rule in Spain and North Africa ushers in a period of relative peace and prosperity for Jewish communities.

Under Islamic governance, Jews are recognized as dhimmis—a protected but subordinate group—allowing them to practice their religion, engage in commerce, and contribute to intellectual and cultural life. This era lays the groundwork for the Jewish Golden Age in Al-Andalus, where Jewish scholars, poets, and philosophers thrive under Muslim patronage.