The Extent of Muslim Conquests by 875 CE

By 875 CE, Muslim conquests have expanded dramatically, stretching from Spain in the west to the Indus Valley in the east.

• In the west, Al-Andalus remains under Umayyad rule, centered in Córdoba.
• In North Africa, the Aghlabids control much of the region, while Idrisid Morocco remains independent.
• In the east, the Abbasid Caliphate governs vast territories, with its influence extending deep into Persia and Central Asia.
• Muslim expansion reaches the Indus Valley, incorporating Sindh into the Islamic world and solidifying Islamic influence in South Asia.

This period marks the height of early Islamic territorial expansion, establishing an interconnected Muslim world spanning three continents.