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The Fragmentation of the Arab Caliphate and …
Years: 676 - 819
The Fragmentation of the Arab Caliphate and the Rise of Independent Muslim States
Throughout this period, the Arab Caliphate, predominantly ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, is fractured by a series of civil wars, one of which leads to the split of Islam into three major branches:
- Sunnites,
- Kharijites, and
- Shi'ites.
This internal strife ultimately shatters unified Islamic rule. In 750 CE, the Abbasids overthrow the Umayyads, seizing control of the Caliphate. However, a cadet branch of the Umayyads escapes to Muslim Spain, where they establish the Emirate of Córdoba, marking the beginning of an independent Islamic state in Al-Andalus.
Elsewhere, other independent Muslim states emerge, including:
- Idrisid Morocco, and
- Aghlabid Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia, eastern Algeria, and western Libya).
These developments mark the transition from a unified Arab Empire to a diverse Islamic world, ruled by multiple, competing dynasties.
Groups
- Arab people
- Berber people (also called Amazigh people or Imazighen, "free men", singular Amazigh)
- Jews
- Visigothic Kingdom of Spain
- Islam
- Muslims, Sunni
- Khazar Khaganate
- Muslims, Kharijite
- Umayyad Caliphate (Damascus)
- Muslims, Shi'a
- Francia (mayors of the palaces of Austrasia and Neustria)
- Muslims, Ibadi
- Ifriqiya, Ummayad
- al-Andalus (Andalusia), Muslim-ruled
- Ifriqiya, Fihrid Emirate of
- Abbasid Caliphate (Kufa)
- Francia (Carolingians)
- Papal States (Republic of St. Peter)
- Córdoba, Umayyad Emirate of
- Ifriqiya, Kharijite Berber
- Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad)
- Ifriqiya, Abassid
- Ifriqiya, Muhallabid Dynasty of
- Italy, Carolingian Kingdom of
- Ifriqiya, Abassid
- Ifriqiya, Aghlabid Emirate of
- Frankish, or Carolingian (Roman) Empire
Topics
- Migration Period
- Arab-Khazar Wars
- Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
- Constantinople, Siege of (674–678)
- Fitna, Second, or Second Islamic Civil War
- Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
- Umayyad Conquest of Hispania
- Constantinople, Siege of (717–718)
- Islamic invasion of Gaul
- Reconquista, the
- Iconoclastic period, first
- Arab-Khazar War, Second
- Marwan ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia
- Fitna, Third
- Abbasid Revolution of 747-50
- Frankish Papacy
- Charlemagne, Conquests of
- Charlemagne's Defeat of Desiderius
- Charlemagne's Invasion of Northern Spain
- Byzantine-Muslim War of 803-09
- Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor
- Khorasan Rebellion of 806-09
- Fitna, Fourth, or Great Abbasid Civil War
- Shi'ite Rebellion of 814-19
Subjects
Regions
Subregions
Years: 676 - 819
Groups
- Arab people
- Berber people (also called Amazigh people or Imazighen, "free men", singular Amazigh)
- Jews
- Visigothic Kingdom of Spain
- Islam
- Muslims, Sunni
- Khazar Khaganate
- Muslims, Kharijite
- Umayyad Caliphate (Damascus)
- Muslims, Shi'a
- Francia (mayors of the palaces of Austrasia and Neustria)
- Muslims, Ibadi
- Ifriqiya, Ummayad
- al-Andalus (Andalusia), Muslim-ruled
- Ifriqiya, Fihrid Emirate of
- Abbasid Caliphate (Kufa)
- Francia (Carolingians)
- Papal States (Republic of St. Peter)
- Córdoba, Umayyad Emirate of
- Ifriqiya, Kharijite Berber
- Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad)
- Ifriqiya, Abassid
- Ifriqiya, Muhallabid Dynasty of
- Italy, Carolingian Kingdom of
- Ifriqiya, Abassid
- Ifriqiya, Aghlabid Emirate of
- Frankish, or Carolingian (Roman) Empire
Topics
- Migration Period
- Arab-Khazar Wars
- Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
- Constantinople, Siege of (674–678)
- Fitna, Second, or Second Islamic Civil War
- Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
- Umayyad Conquest of Hispania
- Constantinople, Siege of (717–718)
- Islamic invasion of Gaul
- Reconquista, the
- Iconoclastic period, first
- Arab-Khazar War, Second
- Marwan ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia
- Fitna, Third
- Abbasid Revolution of 747-50
- Frankish Papacy
- Charlemagne, Conquests of
- Charlemagne's Defeat of Desiderius
- Charlemagne's Invasion of Northern Spain
- Byzantine-Muslim War of 803-09
- Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor
- Khorasan Rebellion of 806-09
- Fitna, Fourth, or Great Abbasid Civil War
- Shi'ite Rebellion of 814-19
Subjects
Regions
Subregions