Ternate, in part as a result of its trade-dependent culture, was one of the earliest places in the region to which Islam spread, probably coming from Java in the late fifteenth century.

Initially restricted to Ternate's small ruling family, the new faith is spreading only slowly to the rest of the population.

The first Europeans to stay on Ternate were part of the Portuguese expedition of Francisco Serrão out of Malacca, which had been shipwrecked near Seram and rescued by local residents.

Sultan Abu Lais of Ternate heard of their stranding, and, seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation, brought them to Ternate in 1512.

The Portuguese had been permitted to build a fort (Kastella) on the island, construction of which began in 1522.

Relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start.

An outpost far from Europe generally only attracts the most desperate and avaricious, such that the generally poor behavior of the Portuguese, combined with feeble attempts at Christianization, have strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler, as have their efforts to monopolize the spice trade and dominate local politics.

The current ruler, Tabariji, is the son of Sultan Abulais and his first and primary wife, Nycili Boki Raja.

Nycili, the daughter of the king of Tidore, had inherited that realm from her father on his death in 1526.

Tabariji had been placed on the throne by his stepfather, Pati Serang, who then acted as regent.

In 1535, Tabariji is deposed by the Portuguese in favor of another brother and sent to Goa, where he soon converts to Christianity and takes as his baptismal name Dom Manuel.

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The Ottoman army takes Baghdad five months later, due in part to an unprecedented winter march to Mesopotamia by Süleyman.

This first major campaign against Persia waged by Süleyman has given the Ottomans control over the region of Erzurum in eastern Anatolia and witnesses the Ottoman conquest of Iraq, a success that rounds off the achievements of Süleyman’s father, Selim.

Under the Ottomans, Baghdad will continue into a period of decline, partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and Iranian Safavids, who do not accept the Sunni control of the city.

The Persians had recaptured Tabriz in early 1535 while Süleyman’s forces occupied Baghdad, but the Turks, on their return to Istanbul later in the year, seize and sack it again.

Humayun, intent on expansion to the south and west, invades Malwa and Gujarat in 1535.

Seizing the forts of Mandu and Champaner, he drives Sultan Bahadur of Gujurat down the west coast to take refuge among the Portuguese.

Bahadur Shah, while on board the galleon St. Mattheus, had signed the Treaty of Bassein on December 23, 1534.

Based on the terms of the agreement, the Portuguese Empire gained control of the city of Bassein (Vasai), as well as its territories, islands, and seas.

Gujarat is occupied around 1535 by the Mughals, and Bahadur Shah is forced to conclude an alliance with the Portuguese to regain the country, conceding Daman and Diu, Mumbai, and Vasai to the Portuguese.