Mediterranean Southwest Europe (4–15 CE): Cultural Transformations and Imperial Encounters

The era 4–15 CE is characterized by significant cultural and economic developments in Mediterranean Southwest Europe under Augustus’s mature reign. This period witnesses artistic achievements, ethical debates on luxury and morality, and notable diplomatic encounters between Rome and distant civilizations.

Ovid's Metamorphoses and Cultural Reflections

During this era, the poet Ovid composes his masterpiece, the Metamorphoses, using Greco-Roman mythology to explore the theme of change. In this influential literary work, Ovid particularly emphasizes love, now presented in its profound ethical dimensions, as the essential force behind transformation and human experience.

Silk Controversy and Economic Concerns

The Roman Senate, responding to the growing economic and moral concerns surrounding luxury goods, repeatedly attempts to prohibit the wearing of silk garments. Silk, primarily imported from China, has created significant economic implications, notably a vast outflow of gold from the empire. Moreover, silk clothing is increasingly perceived as a symbol of decadence and moral decline, prompting legislative efforts—ultimately unsuccessful—to curb its popularity.

Diplomatic Engagements and International Relations

The Roman historian Florus documents significant diplomatic activity during Augustus's reign, including a remarkable visit by numerous foreign envoys. Among these envoys are the Seres, likely representatives from China, highlighting Rome's expansive diplomatic reach and illustrating the empire's prominent position in global affairs during this period.

Continued Administrative and Social Policies

Augustus continues to maintain social and administrative policies aimed at stabilizing and strengthening Roman society. These initiatives involve reinforcing traditional Roman virtues and cultural identity, fostering a stable environment conducive to Rome's flourishing economy and vibrant cultural life.

Legacy of the Era

The period 4–15 CE reflects significant cultural maturity, economic reflection, and expansive international relations under Augustus. Cultural achievements, ethical debates, and diplomatic engagements during this time underscore Rome’s extensive influence and the complexities of its imperial experience, solidifying its enduring legacy.