The site of Lagos, located in present southwestern Nigeria on the Bight of Benin, an inlet of the Gulf of Guinea, occupies four islands (Lagos, Ikoyi, Victoria, and Ido) and parts of the mainland.

The site was originally inhabited by the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba people, who migrated to the area from Isheri along the Ogun river.

Under the leadership of the Oloye Olofin, the Awori moved to the island now called Iddo and then to the larger Lagos Island.

The Awori settlement had been conquered by the Bini warlords of the Benin Empire earlier in the fifteenth century and the island had become a Benin war-camp called "Eko" under Oba Orhogba, the Oba of Benin at that time. (The Yoruba still use the name Eko to refer to Lagos.)

The state first comes to the attention of the Portuguese when explorer Rui de Sequeira visits the area in 1472, naming the area around the city Lago de Curamo.

Lagos, which means "lakes", is a name given to the settlement by the Portuguese.

Another explanation is that Lagos was named for Lagos, Portugal—a maritime town which, at this time, is the main center of Portuguese expeditions down the African coast.

They soon establish a center here for the trade in enslaved Africans.

A confluence of interests in Lagos from the now deposed Akitoye, who had allied himself with the anti-slavery cause in order to get British support, the Anglican missionaries in Badagry who were in contact with Akitoye, and Egba and European traders who want freer movement of goods, has ratcheted up British intervention in Lagos.

Akitoye's anti-slavery position appears born of self-interest, considering his connection with the well known slave trader Domingo Martinez, who had backed Akitoyes's unsuccessful attack on Lagos in 1846.

In November 1851 a British party met with Oba Kosoko, Akitoyes's successor, to present a proposal of British friendly relations along with giving up the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.

The proposal is rejected by Kosoko "on the technical reason that Lagos was under the Oba of Benin and that it was only that Oba who could deal with foreign powers concerning the status of Lagos." (Onabamiro, Sanya. Glimpses Into Nigerian History: Historical Essays. Macmillan Nigeria, 1983. p. 43.)

British Consul John Beecroft, following Kosoko's successful repulsion and defeat of British forces, writes to the Oba of Benin on December 4, 1851, declaring that "Kosoko, by opening fire on a flag of truce, had declared war on England" and therefore had to be replaced by Akitoye.

He threatens that Kosoko has until the end of the month to surrender otherwise "Lagos would be totally destroyed by fire". 

On December 26, 1851, in what is now known as the Bombardment of Lagos or Reduction of Lagos, HMS Bloodhound, HMS Teazer, and a flotilla of boats mount an attack on the Oba's palace.

Kosoko puts up a spirited defense but by December 28 the battle known locally as Ogun Ahoyaya or Ogun Agidingbi (after boiling cannons) is over, with Kosoko and his followers fleeing to Ijebu.

Akitoye is now re-installed as Oba of Lagos with British support.

On January 1, 1852 Akitoye will sign a treaty between Great Britain and Lagos abolishing the slave trade.

Lagos, where the British will concentrate activities after 1851, had been founded as a colony of Benin in about 1700.

A long dynastic struggle, which has become entwined with the struggle against the slave trade, results in the overthrow of the reigning oba and the renunciation of a treaty with Britain to curtail the slave trade.

Britain is determined to halt the traffic in slaves fed by the Yoruba wars and responds to this frustration by annexing the port of Lagos in 1861.

Hereafter, Britain will gradually extend its control along the coast.

The signing of the 1852 Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos abolishing slavery ushers in the Consular Period in Lagos' history, wherein Britain provides military protection to Lagos.

The British Empire establishes bases in Lagos in 1861 to stop the slave trade.

British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston notes in 1861, "the expediency of losing no time in assuming the formal Protectorate of Lagos" following threats from Kosoko and the French, who are positioned at Wydah.

William McCoskry, the Acting Consul in Lagos, with Commander Bedingfield, had convened a meeting with Oba Dosunmu on July 30, 1861, aboard HMS Prometheus, where Britain's intent was explained and a response to the terms were required by August 1861.

Dosunmu had resisted the terms of the treaty but under the threat to unleash violence on Lagos by Commander Bedingfield, Dosunmu relents and signs the Lagos Treaty of Cession on August 6, 1861.

The United Kingdom annexes Lagos Island, in modern-day Nigeria, on January 1, 1862.

The legitimate trade in commodities attracts a number of rough-hewn British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who formerly had been engaged in the slave trade but who had changed their line of wares.

The large companies that subsequently open depots in the delta cities and in Lagos are as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently use force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands.

The most important of these trading companies, whose activities will have far-reaching consequences for Nigeria, is the United Africa Company, founded by George Goldie in 1879.

In 1886 Goldie's consortium is chartered by the British government as the Royal Niger Company and granted broad concessionary powers in "all the territory of the basin of the Niger."

Needless to say, these concessions emanate from Britain, not from any authority in Nigeria.

British intervention in the region of present Nigeria becomes more insistent in the 1870s and 1880s as a result of pressure from missionaries and liberated slaves returning from Sierra Leone.

There is also the necessity of protecting commerce disrupted by the fighting.

The method of dealing with these problems is to dictate treaties that inevitably lead to further annexations.