Iturea, the Greek name of a region in the Levant during the Late Hellenistic and early Roman periods, is mentioned only once in the Christian Bible, while in historical sources the name of the people, the Itureans, occurs.

The latter are first mentioned by Eupolemus—as one of the tribes conquered by David—and subsequently by Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Josephus, and others, and they designate Itureans as an Ismaelite people.

Scholars believe that the Itureans were either an Arab or Aramaic people.

They are known to the Romans as a predatory people, and are appreciated by them for their great skill in archery.

According to Josephus, the Iturean kingdom lay north of Galilee, and in 104 BCE Aristobulus I, having defeated the Itureans, annexes a part of their country to Israel, imposing Judaism upon the inhabitants.