The Xumi Pagoda or Sumeru Pagoda, also known as Summer Pagoda, is a Chinese pagoda of the Buddhist Kaiyuan Monastery west of Zhengding, Hebei province, China.

This square-base stone and brick pagoda,built in the year 636 during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, stands at a height of forty-eight meters (one hundred and fifty-seven feet) and has been well preserved since its initial construction.

The monastery that once surrounded the pagoda, however, has largely been destroyed, with the exception of a few structures.

It is believed Xuanzang also visited Govishan (present day Kashipur) in the Harsha era, in 636, where he encountered one hundred monasteries of ten thousand monks (both Mahayana and non-Mahayana), Xuanzang is impressed by the king's patronage of both scholarship and Buddhism.

He spends time in the city studying early Buddhist scriptures, before setting off eastward again for …

…Ayodhya (Saketa), homeland of the Yogacara school.

Xuanzang now moves south to …

…Kausambi (Kosam), where he has a copy made from an important local image of the Buddha.

Xuanzang now returns northward to …

…Sravasti, …

…travels through Terai in the southern part of modern Nepal (here he finds deserted Buddhist monasteries) and thence to …

…Kapilavastu, his last stop before Lumbini, the birthplace of the Buddha.

Ariold has reestablished Arianism in the Lombard kingdom.

His only recorded wars are against the Avars, whom he had succeeded in repelling during an attempted invasion of northeast Italy.

Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia), marries Ariold’s widowed queen Gundeberga in 636, and succeeds him as king of the Lombards.

At the beginning of his reign, he puts to death many insubordinate nobles.

The Persians had decided to take back their lost territory as soon as Khalid had left Mesopotamia with half his army of nine thousand soldiers.

The Muslim army is forced to leave the conquered areas and concentrate on the border areas.

Umar immediately sends reinforcements to aid Misna ibn Haris in Mesopotamia under the command of Abu Ubaid al Saqafi.

The Persian forces had defeated by Ubaid in the Battle of Bridge, but, later Persian forces had been defeated by Misnah bin Harisah in the Battle of Baiyoub.

In 635, Yazdgerd III had sought alliance with Heraclius, who marries his daughter (according to traditions, his granddaughter) to Yazdegerd III, an old Roman tradition to show alliance.

While Heraclius prepares for a major offense in the Levant, Yazdegerd, meanwhile, orders the concentration of massive armies to pull back the Muslims from Mesopotamia for good.

The goal is well-coordinated attacks by both emperors, Heraclius in the Levant and Yazdegerd in Mesopotamia, to annihilate the power of their common enemy Caliph Umar.

Umar orders his army to retreat to the bordering areas of Mesopotamia near the Arabian desert and begins raising armies for another campaign into Mesopotamia.

The Arab armies are concentrated near Medina, and owing to the critical situation, Umar wishes to command the army in person.

This idea is opposed by the members of Majlis al Shura at Medina, who claim that the two-front war requires Umar's presence in Medina.

Umar appoints Saad ibn Abi Waqqas as commander for the campaign in Mesopotamia.

Saad leaves Medina with his army in May 636 and arrives at Qadisiyyah in June.

While Heraclius launched his offensive in May 636, Yazdegerd is unable to muster his armies in time to provide Constantinople’s forces with Persian support.

Umar, allegedly aware of this alliance, capitalizes on this failure: not wanting to risk a battle with two great powers simultaneously, he quickly moves to reinforce the Muslim army at Yarmouk to engage and defeat the imperial forces.

Meanwhile, Umar orders Saad to enter into peace negotiations with Yazdegerd III and invite him to Islam to prevent Persian forces from taking the field.