The Knights counterattack, taking many towns in Kuyavia and ...

...Dobrzyń.

The young Andronikos finally forces his grandfather to abdicate in 1328 and enter a monastery, and becomes sole ruler as Andonikos III.

It is in some ways a victory for the younger generation of the aristocracy, of whom the leading light is John Kantakouzenos.

As emperor, Andronikos relies heavily on the guidance of Kantakouzenos, who encourages reform of the law courts and initiates the rebuilding of the imperial navy, which had been neglected in the reign of Andronikos' predecessor.

Under Andronikos, the Orthodox monasteries take a more active role in both ecclesiastical and civil affairs.

The Angevin occupation of Cephalonia, Zakynthos, and Leukas/Santa Maura lasts until 1357, when the said Greek territory is ceded to the Italian family of the Tocchi, who will remain in power for over a century and secure unity in the governance of these three Ionian Islands.

William of Occam had been called to the papal court at Avignon in 1324 to answer a charge of heresy in a trial that drags on without a formal conclusion.

In 1328, Occam and Michael of Cesena, the Franciscan minister-general, flee Avignon for the Munich court of the pope’s enemy, Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV.

Meister Eckhart teaches so-called (by modern scholars) speculative or essential mysticism.

In essence, his doctrine holds that only God actually exists and that any creature exists only insofar as its soul is in contact with God; this vital contact is accomplished only when the individual is released from sin.

By 1326, these doctrines have gotten him into trouble with church authorities, and the Inquisition examines his sermons.

Summoned by Avignonese Pope John XXII to defend himself against charges of heresy, he appeals his case in 1327 but dies before the case can be terminated.

Finally, the pope, in 1329, will condemn only a few propositions of Eckhart’s doctrine.

The Luccans, now aided by Milanese troops, decisively defeat the Florentines at the Battle of Altopascio in 1325.

Castruccio orders the looting of Florentine lands to pay for war debts and renews his threat to take Florence, which seeks to enlist the help of other Guelph supporters.

Castruccio, now master of nearly all of Tuscany, comes into conflict with the Papacy, finally ceasing hostilities.

Following his sudden death at forty-seven in 1328, Florence soon regains most of its holdings and, with Pisa, assumes control of Lucca.

The first Gonzaga family members of historical importance are known to have collaborated in the Guelph faction alongside the monks of the Polirone Abbey.

Beginning in the twelfth century, they have become an important family in Mantua, and had grown richer when their allies, the Bonacolsi, defeated the traditional familiar enemy, the Casalodi.

In 1328, however, Ludovico I Gonzaga overthrows the Bonacolsi lordship over the city with the help of the Scaliger family, and enters the Ghibelline party as capitano del popolo ("people's captain") of Mantua and imperial vicar of emperor Louis IV.

Bernardo Daddi, one of the most gifted pupils of the Florentine painter Giotto di Bondone, produces his earliest dated work, the majestic triptych “Madonna,” in 1328.

Simone Martini proves himself an innovator in landscape painting, combining traditional commemorative portraiture with a stark background in his majestic portrayal of the Sienese condottiero Guidoriccio da Fogliano, painted in 1328 opposite Simone’s “Maesta” in Siena’s palazzo Publico.

Marsilius had in 1327 accompanied excommunicated Louis the Bavarian to Rome, where the latter, also supported by philosopher John of Jandun and some disaffected Franciscan friar, has himself crowned emperor by lay officials in Rome in 1328 and installs as antipope a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci.

Born at Corvaro, an ancient stronghold near Rieti in Lazio, Rainalducci had joined the Franciscan order after separating from his wife in 1310, and has become famous as a preacher.

He is by an assembly of priests and laymen, and consecrated at Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, on May 12, 1328 by the bishop of Venice.

After spending four months in Rome, ...