The British mobilize 450,000 troops to defeat the 80,000 troops of the main Boer armies in early 1900.

Transvaal President Paul Kruger travels to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to enlist foreign suport.

Farmer-soldier Louis Botha commands the Transvaal force as commandant general; jurist James Barry Hertzog leads an Orange Free State army.

The British occupy Pretoria, the Transvaal’s capital.

The Orange Free State, annexed by the British in 1900, is renamed the Orange River Colony.

Later in the year, German-armed Afrikaaner farmer commandos initiate a guerilla war against the British.