In 1916, Qatar grants Great Britain control over defense and foreign relations.

Rasputin is assassinated in 1916.

German antiwar activist Rosa Luxembourg founds the Spartacist party.

Haber’s method for synthesizing ammonia enables German production of high explosives after the Allied blockade cuts access to Chilean nirate deposits.

I. G. Farben official Wener Daitz is reportedly the first to describe “national socialism,” in 1915.

German industrialist and social theorist Walther Rathenau works to establish world socialism while organizing and directing Germnay’s War Raw Materials Department.