Genoese power in the Black Sea is based on the republic’s alliance with the restored Roman Empire under the 1261 Treaty of Ninfeo.

Pera (modern Beyoglu), the Genoese independent suburb of Constantinople, will gradually outstrip the Greek capital in economic development, and Kaffa (modern Feodosiya) becomes the capital of a broad stretch of the Crimean coast ruled by the Genoese.

Many Aegean islands, including Thásos, Samothrace and Chios (given in fief to the Genoese family of Zaccaria), become independent Genoese principalities.

Much of Greece and the islands remain in French or Italian hands.