Northern Estonia under Swedish rule is incorporated into the Duchy of Estland.

The southern part, together with northern Latvia, becomes known as Livland.

This division of Estonian lands will last until 1917.

The German-based nobility in both areas retains and even strengthens its position under Swedish suzerainty.

Meanwhile, the Estonian peasants see their lot worsen as more and more of their land and output are appropriated by seigniorial estates.

Still, during the Swedish era, Estonian education gets its start with the founding of Tartu University in 1632 and the establishment of the first Estonian parish schools in the 1680s.

Although the population also begins to grow during this period of peace, war and suffering once again are not far away.

Swedish hegemony during the late seventeenth century has become overextended, making the Swedes' holdings a prime target for a newly expansionist Russia.