The victories of Gallienus on the Nestus and Claudius at Naissus (Nish) had reduced the danger to the Roman empire, but the countries of the middle Danube are still under pressure by the Marcomanni, the Quadi, the Iazyges, the Sarmatians, and the Carpi of free Dacia, who will soon joined by the Roxolani and the Vandals.

In spite of stubborn resistance, Dacia is gradually being overwhelmed, and it now begins to be abandoned by the Roman troops, though not evacuated officially.

Emperor Claudius dies in January 270 of the plague, which has already caused great losses among the Goths; he has reigned for only eighteen months.

Wwhile preparing a campaign against the Vandals, he had fallen ill on the march to the battle and returned to his regional headquarters in Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in charge of operations against the Goths.

The Goths renew their attacks in the Balkans, laying siege to such cities as Nikopolis and ...

...Anchialaus.

Aurelian intervenes decisively.

Zenobia makes expeditions with her large army to Syria and ...

...Lebanon.

Zenobia’s armies also invade Palestine, taking the vital trade routes in these areas from the Romans.

The unpopular Quintillus, after having ruled only about three months, is abandoned by his soldiers and dies by murder or suicide.

Zenobia at this point had already subjugated Syria, Judea and Arabia Petraea in early 270, sacking the capital of the latter and pacifying the Tanukhid tribes in Hauran who had challenged her authority, which makes it clear that Egypt is going to be the queen's next target.

Plotinus's essays explicate his version of the Neoplatonist philosophy, presenting his views on cosmology, moral philosophy, the nature of souls, the nature of mind, the nature of reality, and the physical universe.

His series of six discourses in fifty-four essays, complete by the time of his death in 270, affirm the general themes common to the Platonic tradition, placing particular emphasis on three points: the ultimate nonmaterial nature of reality; the possibility of gaining real knowledge about the world and its basic laws; and the goodness, sacredness and unity of the universe.

Something of a mystic, Plotinus maintains that all things in nature (souls) are alive, dynamic, and in a process of change (becoming), a process that can have no higher significance unless it be established that there exist higher fixed principles that do not themselves change.

He argues that these principles are rationally ordered and constitute the structure of being, a belief that engenders a cosmology consisting of several levels of reality, the lower of which derive their meaning and significance from those above.

The lowest of these levels is the material world; the highest is the fusion of all higher principles: an indefinable ultimate principle that Plotinus calls “the One.”

The One, by emanation, creates a second order, Reason and the Forms, which in turn generates the Soul.

Matter, the final level, dark and unreal, traps the human soul, whose goal is escape and return to the One.

Plotinus believes that one can reestablish the connection of the Soul with Reason through the pure practice of ascetic moral training and the contemplation of beauty.

Ultimately, through a mystical experience (described variously by Plotinus as "ecstasy," "self-surrender," and "flight yonder, of the alone to the Alone"), one can arrive at knowledge of, and therefore unification with, the One.