Settlers and rice farmers from Dai Viet, or Annam (present northern Vietnam), have gradually occupied the northern portion of the largely maritime Champa kingdom, protected in so doing by their expansionist government.

The Chams make successful retaliatory incursions into the Red River delta region until forces under Viet ruler Le Dai Hanh occupy and plunder the Cham capital, exacting heavy tribute.

The Viets eventually force the Chams to cede the region of Amaravati (Quang Nam).

Vijaya (Binh Dinh) becomes the Cham capital.

The Second Goryeo-Khitan War is a conflict between the kingdom of Goryeo and Khitan forces near what is now the border between China and North Korea.

The Chinese employ explosive grenades and bombs filled with gunpowder, or black powder, by the beginning of the eleventh century. This mechanical mixture of ten percent sulfur, fifteen percent charcoal, and seventy-five percent saltpeter (potassium nitrate), is generally thought to have originated in China.

The Regulation of Saint Veneration and the Institution of Canonization

As Christianity spread and evolved, the Church sought to regulate the veneration of saints, ensuring a uniform and authoritative process for recognizing those deemed worthy of public devotion. By the High Middle Ages, the institution of canonization emerged as a formalized system, replacing earlier, more localized and spontaneous recognition of saints.

Early Veneration and the Need for Regulation

• In the early centuries of Christianity, martyrs and confessors were venerated spontaneously by local communities, often through oral tradition and local cults.
• Bishops played a role in recognizing saints, but the process remained informal and decentralized, leading to inconsistencies in who was venerated and why.
• As the Church grew, concerns arose over the authenticity of relics, exaggerated miracle accounts, and the potential for superstition, necessitating a structured system of recognition.

The Development of Canonization

To standardize the recognition of saints and reinforce ecclesiastical authority, the Church established a formal canonization process, which included:

• Official criteria for sainthood, ensuring that candidates demonstrated heroic virtue, holiness, and, in many cases, miracles attributed to their intercession.
• A formalized investigation process, where Church authorities verified the life, deeds, and miracles of a prospective saint.
• The papal declaration of sainthood, which became the exclusive right of the pope from the 12th century onward, ensuring uniformity across Christendom.

Integration into the Liturgical Calendar

• Once canonized, most saints were assigned a feast day, aligning their veneration with the liturgical calendar.
• This integration reinforced religious practice, allowing communities across Europe to commemorate saints in a structured manner.
• Saints became patrons of specific places, professions, or causes, further embedding them into medieval spiritual and cultural life.

Impact on Medieval Christendom

• The formalization of saint veneration reinforced Church authority over popular devotion, limiting local and unregulated cults.
• It shaped medieval spirituality, with saints serving as models of Christian virtue and intercessors between the faithful and God.
• The process strengthened papal influence, as the power to declare sainthood was centralized under Rome, demonstrating the Church’s ability to define and regulate holiness.

Legacy

The institution of canonization became a cornerstone of medieval Christianity, defining who was venerated, how, and why. This structured approach helped unify religious practice, reinforcing the Church’s role as the ultimate guardian of faith and devotion in the medieval world.

Grand Duke Vladimir I of Kiev advances Christianity by promoting religious charity, establishing canon law, and building churches.

Sweden's political unification is completed about 1000.

East Central Europe (1000–1011 CE): Polish Royal Recognition, Foundation of the Hungarian Kingdom, and Imperial Influence under Otto III and Henry II

Between 1000 and 1011 CE, East Central Europe—encompassing present-day Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, and the eastern parts of Germany and Austria east of 10°E and north of the previously defined southeastern boundary—experienced pivotal transformations. This era witnessed the formal recognition of Polish sovereignty with Bolesław I’s coronation-like elevation, the foundation and official Christianization of the Kingdom of Hungary under Stephen I, and sustained imperial influence from the late Ottonian emperors, particularly Otto III and Henry II. These critical events fundamentally reshaped the region’s medieval political and cultural landscape.

Political and Military Developments

Poland’s Royal Recognition under Bolesław I

• In 1000 CE, Bolesław I "the Brave" welcomed Emperor Otto III at the significant Congress of Gniezno, gaining imperial recognition for Poland’s autonomy and an independent ecclesiastical hierarchy, significantly enhancing his royal authority, prestige, and legitimacy throughout Europe.

Foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary under Stephen I

• On December 25, 1000 CE, Stephen I (r. 997–1038), Géza’s son, was crowned as Hungary’s first king by a papal envoy, officially establishing the Kingdom of Hungary. His coronation solidified centralized Christian authority and marked a decisive shift from tribal confederation to a structured Christian monarchy.

Imperial Influence under Otto III and Henry II

• Emperor Otto III (983–1002) pursued policies reinforcing imperial authority and Christianization across eastern frontiers, maintaining diplomatic relationships with both Poland and Hungary. After Otto’s death (1002), Henry II (1002–1024) continued these policies, aiming to secure imperial dominance in East Central Europe and maintain influence over Bohemia and Poland.

Bohemian Stability and Přemyslid Authority

• Bohemia, under the Přemyslid duke Boleslaus III (r. 999–1002, 1003) and subsequently Jaromír (1003–1012, intermittently), faced internal dynastic struggles and external pressure from Poland and the Holy Roman Empire, affecting its regional influence.

Economic and Technological Developments

Flourishing of Trade and Economic Stability

• Political stability, particularly in Poland and Hungary, fostered robust trade networks. Trade flourished with the exchange of metals, textiles, agricultural produce, and luxury goods, enhancing regional prosperity and urban growth.

Continued Expansion of Fortifications and Towns

• Major investments in fortified towns and royal administrative centers continued across Poland (Gniezno, Kraków), Hungary (Esztergom, Székesfehérvár), and Bohemia (Prague), significantly improving infrastructure, administrative efficiency, and economic stability.

Cultural and Artistic Developments

Polish Cultural Renaissance and Ecclesiastical Independence

• Following the Congress of Gniezno (1000), Poland experienced a cultural and religious renaissance, with expanded ecclesiastical institutions, cathedral construction, and significant artistic patronage solidifying Polish national and religious identity.

Hungarian Christian and Royal Culture under Stephen I

• King Stephen I actively fostered Christian culture by founding monasteries, cathedrals, and bishoprics. His reign established the lasting cultural, religious, and royal traditions central to Hungarian identity.

Imperial Ottonian Artistic Influence

• Otto III and Henry II continued the Ottonian tradition of ecclesiastical and artistic patronage, influencing Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary through cultural exchanges, manuscripts, architecture, and imperial symbolism.

Settlement and Urban Development

Expansion of Polish Royal Cities

• Under Bolesław I, Polish urban centers—particularly Gniezno, Kraków, and Poznań—expanded significantly as key political, ecclesiastical, and economic hubs, solidifying early Polish urbanization patterns.

Hungarian Urban and Administrative Foundations

• King Stephen I extensively developed Hungarian administrative and ecclesiastical centers, notably Esztergom and Székesfehérvár, centralizing royal power and initiating enduring urban traditions.

Bohemian Urban Stability

• Despite dynastic instability, Bohemian towns, especially Prague, continued urban and ecclesiastical expansion, remaining influential administrative and cultural centers.

Social and Religious Developments

Christianization and Ecclesiastical Expansion

• Christianity became fully established as the dominant religious and societal structure in Poland and Hungary, profoundly reshaping social organization, governance, and regional identity.

Dynastic Consolidation and Aristocratic Influence

• Royal and aristocratic structures solidified in Poland and Hungary, establishing stable dynastic succession, centralized governance, and defined social hierarchies critical for future medieval society.

Long-Term Consequences and Historical Significance

The period 1000–1011 CE represented a decisive era in East Central European history. Poland’s recognition as a significant independent Christian power, Hungary’s foundation as a structured Christian kingdom, and sustained Ottonian imperial influence dramatically reshaped political alignments, cultural identities, and religious institutions. These foundational developments significantly influenced the region’s historical trajectory throughout the High Middle Ages.

The German–Polish War consists of a series of struggles between the Ottonian Henry II (first as King of Germany and then Holy Roman Emperor) and the Polish Piast ruler Boleslaw Chrobry.

Fought from 1002 to 1018, the locus of conflict is the control of Lusatia, Upper Lusatia, as well as Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.

Boleslaus III, called the Red (-haired) or the Blind, the duke of Bohemia since 999, has been called the "worst of all men who ever sat on the Bohemian throne."

The eldest son of Boleslav II the Pious and Adiva of England, Boleslav III is a weak ruler in whose chaotic reign Bohemia will become a pawn in the long war between the Emperor Henry II and Boleslaw the Brave, King of Poland.