Renzong's sixteen-year-old son had become Emperor Huanzong in 1193, and has attempted to follow the policies dictated by his late father.

However, the increasing corruption of high-ranking officials in the Western Xia government has started the irreversible decline of the Western Xia as the Tangut economy begins to falter.

The rising of the Mongols under Genghis Khan begins to pose threats as Mongols began raiding border villages in 1202.

Yesügei had been the leader of a small Mongol tribe in northeastern Mongolia, in an area adjacent to the modern border with Russia.

Another Mongol group, the Tatars, had in about 1177 poisoned Yesügei.

His orphaned nine-year-old son, Temüjin, had lived as an outlaw, protecting and providing for his mother and his siblings.

Temüjin had entered the service of Toghril Khan, the most powerful Mongol ruler of the time.

Temüjin, around thirty-four by 1202, had risen to power through years of struggle and bloodshed.

He has consolidated his rule over northeastern Mongolia’s warring tribes, in the process nearly annihilating the powerful Turkic tribe known as the Tatars. (Europeans will later identify the Mongols with the Tatars, whom they call Tartars. This play on words makes Tartary, European slang for hell, the home of the “Tartars.”) In 1202, the Mongols begin their first invasion of the Western Xia, pillaging and burning many outlying villages and cities.

The Second Bulgarian Empire expands, like the first, at the expense of a preoccupied Constantinople.

In 1202, Tsar Kaloyan concludes a final peace with the Empire that gives Bulgaria full independence.

Islam had made its first appearance in Bengal during the twelfth century when Sufi missionaries arrived.

Later, occasional Muslim raiders reinforced the process of conversion by building mosques, madrassas and Sufi Khanqah.

Beginning in 1202, a military commander from the Delhi Sultanate, Bakhtiar Khilji, overruns Bihar and Bengal as far east as Rangpur, Bogra and the Brahmaputra River.

Although he fails to bring Bengal under his control, the expedition manages to defeat Lakshman Sen.

He and his two sons move to …

…a place called Vikrampur (present-day Munshiganj District), where their diminished dominion will last until the late thirteenth century.

Leonardo Pisano, an Italian mathematician also known as Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Fibonacci, is instrumental in reviving ancient mathematics.

Assembling bits of arithmetic and algebra that he has accumulated during his travels, he makes significant contributions of his own, including his 1202 treatise on arithmetic and elementary algebra, Liber abbaci (“Book of the Abacus”).

In this, he introduces to the Latin West both the modern Hindu-Arabic system of numerals using ten symbols, and the Arabic place-valued decimal system.

Arthur of Brittany’s Claim to the Angevin Empire and His Capture by John (1199–1202 CE)

Upon the death of Richard I on April 6, 1199, the Angevin Empire faced a succession crisis. Arthur of Brittany, Richard’s 12-year-old nephew, became a rival claimant to John of England, particularly in the French territories of Anjou, Maine, and Poitou.

Backed by Philip II of France, Arthur declared himself Duke of Brittany, Count of Anjou, and Earl of Richmond on April 18, 1199, and led a force into Anjou and Maine.

However, the Treaty of Le Goulet (May 1200) temporarily settled the matter, with Philip II recognizing John as King of England in exchange for 20,000 marks and John formally accepting Philip as suzerain of the Angevin lands in France.

Arthur’s Changing Loyalties (1200–1202)

• Feeling betrayed by Philip II, Arthur briefly sought John’s favor, but later fled back to France, reaffirming his loyalty to Philip.
• In April 1202, Arthur was reportedly betrothed to Marie of France, the daughter of Philip II and Agnes of Andechs-Merania, strengthening his Capetian ties.

Arthur’s Revolt and Capture (1202 CE)

• With Philip’s support, Arthur launched a campaign in Normandy, triggering a revolt in Poitou against John’s rule.
• In July 1202, Arthur made a strategic mistake by besieging his grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Château de Mirebeau.
• John moved swiftly, marching on Mirebeau and catching Arthur’s forces by surprise on July 31, 1202.
• On August 1, Arthur was captured by John’s barons, marking a turning point in the war.

Consequences of Arthur’s Capture

• Arthur’s imprisonment shattered his claim to the Angevin inheritance, giving John a temporary upper handin France.
• However, his fate remains uncertain, as conflicting accounts exist regarding his eventual disappearance or execution at John’s hands.
• His capture intensified opposition to John, particularly among his French vassals, leading to further defections to Philip II.

Arthur’s defeat at Mirebeau in 1202 marked the beginning of the end for Angevin dominance in France, as Philip II would continue dismantling Plantagenet control over Normandy and Anjou in the following years.

The Imprisonment and Disappearance of Arthur of Brittany (1202–1203 CE)

Following his capture at Mirebeau on August 1, 1202, Arthur of Brittany was imprisoned by King John of England at the Château de Falaise in Normandy, under the guard of Hubert de Burgh. His captivity marked the final collapse of his claim to the Angevin inheritance, but his fate remains one of the great historical mysteries of the medieval period.

Arthur’s Imprisonment at Falaise (1202–1203)

• At Château de Falaise, Arthur was closely guarded by Hubert de Burgh, a loyal officer of John.
• According to Ralph of Coggeshall, John ordered two of his servants to mutilate Arthur, likely intending to blind or castrate him, making him unfit to rule.
• Hubert de Burgh refused to carry out the order, sparing Arthur from physical disfigurement.

Arthur’s Transfer to Rouen and His Mysterious Disappearance (April 1203)

• In early 1203, Arthur was transferred from Falaise to Rouen, placed under the charge of William de Braose, another of John’s trusted vassals.
• By April 1203, Arthur vanished from historical records, and his fate remains unknown.

Theories on Arthur’s Death

Since no official record of Arthur’s execution exists, various chroniclers provide conflicting accounts of his demise:

1. Murder by John’s Own Hand

   • The most famous account, reported by later chroniclers such as William de Braose’s wife, claims that John personally killed Arthur in a drunken rage, stabbing him and throwing his body into the Seine.

2. Secret Execution at Rouen

   • Other sources suggest that John ordered Arthur to be quietly executed in Rouen, possibly by strangulation or starvation.

3. Escape or Long-Term Imprisonment

   • Some rumors spread that Arthur escaped or was secretly kept alive, but no credible evidence ever emerged.

Consequences of Arthur’s Disappearance

• Arthur’s death (whether by execution or other means) shocked France, leading Philip II to declare John guilty of murder and confiscate Normandy in 1204.
• William de Braose, who had guarded Arthur in Rouen, later fell out with John, and his wife openly accused John of killing his nephew with his own hands.
• Arthur’s disappearance solidified John’s reputation as a tyrant, further alienating his French and English vassals, contributing to the eventual collapse of Angevin rule in France.

The vanishing of Arthur of Brittany in April 1203 remains one of the most infamous medieval mysteries, marking a turning point in the decline of John’s power and the dissolution of the Angevin Empire.

Baldwin IX of Flanders and the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204)

In 1202, Count Baldwin IX of Flanders took up the cross and departed on the Fourth Crusade, leaving his young daughter as his heir. His absence created a power vacuum in Flanders, which Philip II of France eagerly sought to exploit, furthering Capetian influence in the region.

Baldwin’s Departure and Its Consequences

• Baldwin left behind only a small child as heir, making Flanders politically vulnerable.
• With no strong leadership, Philip II of France began asserting influence over the county, seeing an opportunity to expand Capetian power into Flemish territory.
• This situation foreshadowed future conflicts over Flanders, as local nobles and foreign rulers vied for control of the strategically vital region.

Baldwin’s Fate on Crusade

• After the sack of Constantinople in 1204, Baldwin was elected the first Latin Emperor of Constantinople, ruling as Baldwin I of the Latin Empire.
• However, his reign in the East was short-lived—in 1205, he was captured by the Bulgarians and subsequently disappeared, presumed executed.
• His death left Flanders without an adult male ruler, deepening the crisis over the county’s fate.

Philip II’s Opportunism and Flemish Resistance

• With Baldwin gone, Philip II intensified his attempts to bring Flanders under Capetian control.
• However, the Flemish nobility and merchant class were fiercely independent, resisting French domination.
• This would lead to ongoing struggles for Flemish autonomy, culminating in major conflicts like the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302.

Baldwin IX’s departure on the Fourth Crusade in 1202 and his death in the East ultimately weakened Flanders, allowing Philip II to extend French influence into the region and setting the stage for future battles over Flemish independence.

Philip II Declares John’s French Lands Forfeit (1202 CE)

In 1202, King John of England was formally summoned before the French royal court on the complaint of one of his own vassals. When John ignored the summons, Philip II of France seized the opportunity to declare John’s lands in France forfeit, setting in motion the collapse of the Angevin Empire in France.

John’s Pledge of Vassalage to Philip II

• Under the Treaty of Messina (1198) and later agreements, John had recognized Philip II as his feudal overlord for his territories in France—including Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Aquitaine.
• However, John’s tenuous legitimacy as king meant that many French nobles preferred his rival, Arthur of Brittany, who had aligned himself with Philip.

John’s Legal Summons and His Defiance

• In 1202, Hugh de Lusignan, a powerful noble in Poitou, lodged a formal complaint against John for violating feudal custom.
• Hugh’s grievance arose from John’s controversial marriage to Isabella of Angoulême, who had been previously betrothed to Hugh’s son.
• As feudal overlord, Philip II had the right to summon John to his court to answer the charges.
• John ignored the summons, believing that as King of England, he was not subject to Philip’s jurisdiction.

Philip’s Verdict: John’s Lands Are Declared Forfeit

• By refusing to appear, John was technically in rebellion against his feudal lord.
• Philip declared all of John’s continental lands forfeit, legally justifying a full-scale French invasion of Angevin territories.
• Philip formally recognized Arthur of Brittany as the rightful ruler of Anjou, Maine, and Poitou, further undermining John’s authority in France.

Consequences: The Fall of the Angevin Empire in France

• Philip’s legal maneuvering provided a pretext for war, leading to the French conquest of Normandy (1204).
• John’s loss of French territories weakened England’s continental influence, accelerating the decline of the Angevin Empire.
• The defeat and later disappearance of Arthur of Brittany in 1203 only worsened John’s position, further turning French nobles against him.

John’s refusal to attend Philip II’s court in 1202 was a fatal mistake, giving the Capetian king the legal basis to strip him of his French lands, a key turning point in the decline of Plantagenet power in France.