King Mindon had tried to modernize the Burmese state and economy after the Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852).
His younger brother Kanaung, who had aided Mindon in the overthrow of their half-brother, Pagan, in 1854, has proved to be a great administrator and modernizer.
Mindon is dedicated to religion, but Kanaung is skillful in administration, serving as the leader of the Hluttaw, the kingdom's administrative body.
Under Kanaung's guidance, the following reforms are undertaken: centralization of the kingdom's internal administration, introduction of a salary system for the bureaucracy (to dampen the authority and income of bureaucrats), fixed judicial fees, comprehensive penal laws, reorganization of the financial system, removal of trade barriers including custom duties, reform of the thathameda taxes (to increase direct taxation), and modernization of the kingdom's army and introduction of new police forces.
Kanaung has tried to rebuild the Burmese Army with modern weapons.
He has sent men to study in Western countries to establish an up-to-date arms industry.
His efforts are well depicted in contemporary stories and poems.
One story relates to his effort in testing depth charges in order to repulse British troops sailing up the Irrawaddy.
Eventually, these tests had been thwarted by the head of the Buddhist Sangha, who had protested against them by asserting their harmful effects on aquatic lives.
Another story relates his visits to the factories on cold early winter mornings while wrapped in a blanket.
He is also known for his waywardness, as depicted in a famous love song called Seinchu Kya-nyaung bawlè written by his wife, Princess Hlaing Hteik-hkaung Tin.
In an unsuccessful palace coup by his nephews, the princes Myingun and Myinkhondaing (sons of King Mindon), Kanaung is killed at the Hluttaw, together with three of his sons, on August 2, 1866.
Nevertheless, he had managed to hold off the assassins to gain enough time for the King's escape.