The Seljuks win control of most of Anatolia within ten years of the Battle of Manzikert.

The Seljuk sultanate in Baghdad, although successful in the west, reels under attacks from the Mongols in the east and is unable—indeed unwilling—to exert its authority directly in Anatolia.

The ghazis carve out a number of states here, under the nominal suzerainty of Baghdad, states that are continually reinforced by further Turkish immigration.

The strongest of these states to emerge is the Seljuk sultanate of Rum ("Rome," i.e., Byzantine Empire), which has its capital at Konya (Iconium).

Rum becomes dominant over the other Turkish states during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The society and economy of the Anatolian countryside are unchanged by the Seljuks, who have simply replaced Greek Christian officials with a new elite that is Turkish and Muslim.

Conversion to Islam and the imposition of the language, mores, and customs of the Turks progresses steadily in the countryside, facilitated by intermarriage.

The cleavage widens, however, between the unruly ghazi warriors and the state-building bureaucracy in Konya.