The Oirat and the Khalkha disintegrate once more into insignificant and quarrelsome tribal groupings after the death of Dayan in 1543.

The Torgut subclan of the Oirat is now perhaps the most vital of the Mongol peoples.

The Torgut raid frequently across the Urals into the Volga Valley, which has been conquered by the new Muscovite empire.

Farther east the Khalkha roam the region north and south of the Gobi; the Ordos Mongols and the Chahar Mongols become loosely grouped in a confederation holding most of Southern Mongolia.

The boundaries of territories ruled by the Uzbeks remain relatively stable.