Goguryeo stubbornly holds out against the combined Sillan-Chinese attacks until the capture of their capital in 668.

China annexes most of Goguryeo; the monarch of Silla enlarges his realm to include the area south of the Taedong River.

The Unified Silla period begins.

Bulgar khan Batbayan, warring with his relative Kotrag in 668, is temporarily driven into the Crimea.

Kotrag’s Khazars attack and eventually take the steppes between Don and the Urals, according to the treaty of 668 between Batbayan and the Khazar Khagan (Kaban) under which Batbayan and his sister Huba are taken prisoners.

Western Bulgar warriors will later adopt the practice of wearing Martenitsas—a small piece of adornment, made of white and red yarn and usually in the form of two dolls, a male and a female—in battle to remind them of the sacrifice of their ancestral relatives Batbayan and Huba.

Batbayan's Bulgars are an essential part of the ethnogenesis of the contemporary Balkars and probably in some scale of the Volga Tatars and Crimean Tatars, though the ethnogenesis of the eponymous inhabitants of modern Bulgarian is probably very little influenced by Batbayan's Bulgars.

When Great Bulgaria disintegrates under Khazar attack in 668, Batbayan's brothers part ways, leading their people to seek a more secure home in other lands.

Constans alienates Pope Vitalian in 668 by declaring Ravenna independent.

His plans to make the city a permanent capital and a strategic center for the defense of the West against the Arabs are cut short by his assassination at the baths of Daphne on September 15, thus ending the career of the last of Constantinople’s emperors to venture into the West.

In the absence of the sons of Constans II, the imperial general Mezezius is proclaimed Emperor by the army in Syracuse and reigns in Sicily for a few months.

Tarumanagara, an early Sundanese Indianized kingdom in Java, is divided in 669 into two kingdoms: Sunda Kingdom and Galuh Kingdom, with the Citarum river as the boundary.

The Galuh Kingdom comprises many vassal kingdoms that cover areas of present-day West and present-day Central Java Provinces.

King Tarusbawa then establishes a new capital of his kingdom near the Cipakancilan river upstream which centuries later will become the city of Pakuan Pajajaran (or shortly called Pakuan or Pajajaran).

King Tarusbawa becomes the predecessor of the Sunda kings.

Nakatomi-no-Kamatari renames himself Fujiwara-no-Kamatari shortly before his death in 669, inaugurating Japan’s powerful Fujiwara clan.

Khan Kubrat’s five sons split the Bulgar people into five hordes, according to Greek sources.

One of these five, remaining on the coast of the Sea of Azov, is absorbed into the new empire of the Khazars.

Two of the five Bulgar hordes are to have longer futures.

Kubrat's son Bezmer, or Batbayan, avoids the Khazars by leading his horde far to the north, where it eventually occupies an ill-defined country around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers.

Subdivided here into three groups (probably through mergers with indigenous peoples or with other immigrants), the horde will maintain itself in prosperity for some six hundred years.

The Muslim forces based in Chalcedon cross the Bosporus in 669 in an attack on Constantinople, but the Romans repel the attack from the city walls.

Another of the five new Bulgar subdivisions migrates to central Europe and is merged with the Avars.

A new Arab fleet conducts a series of campaigns against Constantinople, beginning in 669.

Muawiyah initiates another land invasion of the Empire, using his army to seize the city of Chalcedon on the Bosporus across from Constantinople.